By Leora Frankel

Air quality measurements logged at the Boulder Reservoir in 2017 and 2018 place the Boulder area in the top five percent of the most polluted cities in the country for certain contaminants.

Pointing to a graph of 28 major U.S. cities, Detlev Helmig, an associate research professor at the University of Colorado, revealed on Wednesday, Nov. 28, that the ethane measurements collected at the reservoir over an 18-month period would land that location as worst on the list, which includes Los Angeles, Detroit and Pittsburgh.

Prof. Helmig explained that for scientists ethane is a valuable tracer, because it does not derive from many sources. “With ethane it’s pretty much clear that it comes from oil and gas,” he said.

CU Associate Professor Detlev Helmig (Source: INSTAAR)

The results of the study, commissioned by Boulder County, provide direct evidence that fracking operations in Weld County are releasing high levels of Volatile Organic Compounds, including ethane, methane and benzene, which are then borne by the wind to other parts of the state.

The bad news did not end there.

Speaking to about 75 members of the general public at an event organized by the Longmont Public Forum at Front Range Community College, Helmig compared the progress made by other cities in combatting ozone pollution with the deterioration found in the Boulder area. Measurements conducted by the Colorado Department of Public Health and the Environment at the Boulder Reservoir during the recent summer months showed that ozone levels exceeded the U.S. standard of 70 ppb (parts per billion) on many days.

“Serious non-attainment”

Prof. Helmig warned that Boulder and several other Colorado counties are likely to “get bumped up” from moderate to serious non-attainment of the EPA’s ozone standard. He emphasized that the situation in the Northern Colorado Front Range is the exception rather than the rule. “Ninety percent of the US doesn’t exceed the ozone standard,” he said. On this measure too, the Boulder area now falls in the most polluted five percent of the country. Worryingly, the EPA standard may be too lenient; in Canada it is 50 ppb.

Ozone is produced through a secondary reaction of Volatile Organic Compounds and nitrogen oxides, particularly on sunny days. Ozone is known to cause respiratory diseases, such as asthma, and chest pain upon deep inhalation, for example when exercising. It can be lethal. A study by scientists at the University of York in the UK published in 2017 linked one million premature deaths per year globally to long-term exposure to ozone air pollution.

A major challenge Prof. Helmig faced, together with other researchers from the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research at CU, was identifying the source of pollutants measured at the Air Monitoring Shelter at the Boulder Reservoir.

Reservoir readings

Using what he calls “top-notch analytical equipment,” the team recorded around-the-clock measurements of nitrogen oxides and Volatile Organic Compounds. Perusing weather maps showing wind directions, the scientists were able to trace the pollutants back to Weld County. One of the most striking finds was that on days the wind blew from the West, the level of Volatile Organic Compounds was low. On days when the wind blew from the Northeast, the level of these compounds was high. Data analysis indicated that eighty percent of total Volatile Organic Compounds recorded at the Boulder Reservoir came from oil and gas sources. Extrapolating from the numbers obtained, Prof. Helmig estimates that, for benzene alone, 400 tons of this hydrocarbon, equivalent to 20 oil tankers, were released by the oil and gas industry into the air of Northern Colorado last year.

For ozone levels, the presence of sunlight played an important role in peak recordings at the Reservoir. Yet, again, the data showed unequivocally that on days the airflow came from Boulder, with its commuter traffic, or more rarely, from Denver, with its intense metropolitan activity, the ozone levels were significantly lower than on days when the airflow came from Weld County. Another methodology, dauntingly named Potential Source Contribution Function Trajectory Cluster Analysis, showed, according to Prof. Helmig, that “most of the high ozone sources are transported from oil and gas areas.”

Earlier this year, a study led by Lisa McKenzie, assistant research professor at the Colorado School of Public Health at the University of Colorado, Denver, drew widespread attention when it found that for people living within 500 feet of oil and gas wells the cancer risk estimate was 8.3 per 10,000 – eight times higher than the EPA’s upper threshold. The health risks, including childhood leukemia, were linked primarily to benzene. The authors of the research, published in the journal Environmental Science and Technology, wrote: “While the setback distances are intended to protect the general public’s safety and welfare from environmental and nuisance impacts resulting from O&G development, they are not intended to address potential human health impacts associated with O&G development air emissions.”

It is important to recognize that scientists do not know what a safe distance is for airborne emissions from fracking. The population of the Front Range is essentially the subject of a large-scale experiment.

After Amendment 112 defeat

In November, Colorado voters defeated Proposition 112, which would have increased fracking setbacks from inhabited structures to 2,500 feet. The oil and gas industry spent $40 million on this campaign, while the grassroots nonprofit supporting Prop. 112, Colorado Rising, spent a mere $1 million dollars. It now remains to be seen whether Democratic legislators, in full control of the State House, Senate and governorship, will take action to protect the health of residents of the Front Range.

Boulder County covered the costs of the first 18 months of the air-monitoring project as part of its ongoing efforts to determine the impacts of fracking on the health of its residents.

In September, Boulder County filed lawsuits against two drilling companies, Crestone Peak Resources and 8 North LLC (a unit of Extraction Oil and Gas LLC), attempting to block plans to launch multi-well drilling pads on open space or land governed by conservation easements. The County’s website quotes County Commissioner Cindy Domenico as saying: “Crestone said they picked these locations in part because the surface has not been developed. The county bought land and conservation easements to preserve agricultural and scenic values, not to hold the land open for massive drilling sites.”

“Stress and health issues”

The County argued, in its comments to the court, that the two proposed Crestone sites, with a total of 56 wells, represent “some of the largest and most intensive well pads in the state.” Drilling and other heavily disruptive work is expected to extend for at least three years for 24 hours a day, seven days a week, according to the court filing. The County warns that this “will cause stress and health issues, interrupt wild animals’ feeding and breeding activities, and alter the nature of the surrounding lands and inhabitants’ lives well beyond the active construction phases.”

Meanwhile, Crestone is trying to move the permitting forward through the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, prior to a decision in the court case.

If the court allows the drilling to proceed, Longmont, Gunbarrel, Niwot and Erie residents all stand to be impacted. There are currently more than 50,000 active wells in Colorado.

Funding of the monitoring station at the Boulder Reservoir is currently provided by the nonprofit organization Earthworks.

Prof. Helmig emphasized that research into air pollution – with the exception of ozone – and into the health impacts of oil and gas “is not funded well.” The lack of solid monitoring data has made it harder to counteract claims made by the oil and gas industry.

The Longmont Public Forum will host a presentation on the health effects of fracking in the Longmont Public Library, at 4th Ave. and Kimbark St., on Jan. 23, 6:30 to 8:30 pm.